The last case of Marburg Virus Disease (MVD) confirmed in Ghana has recovered from the infection, the Ghana Health Service (GHS) said in a statement.
The GHS added on Friday that the country has recorded three infected cases, and two other infected patients had died of the disease.
“The only survivor of the three has since recovered from the disease following two negative tests carried out 48 hours apart by the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. The patient has since been discharged and reunited with her family. Ghana, therefore, has no case of MVD,” the statement added.
The GHS identified 198 contacts in four districts since the outbreak, and 118 have completed their mandatory 21-day follow-up, Xinhua news agency reported.
In line with the country’s pandemic management and prevention standards and in accordance with the World Health Organisation requirements, the statement said the relevant state agencies would maintain heightened surveillance for MVD and other viral hemorrhagic fevers.
What is Marburg virus disease?
Marburg was first detected in 1967, when outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever occurred simultaneously in laboratories in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany, and in Belgrade, in what is now Serbia — in cases that were linked to African green monkeys imported from Uganda. Other cases have since been found in Angola, Congo, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda, according to the World Health Organization. Last month’s cases in Ghana were the first recorded in that country.
The Marburg virus is the pathogen that causes Marburg virus disease in humans, health experts said.
There are no vaccines or antiviral treatments for the disease, medical experts said, but hydrating patients and treating their specific symptoms can improve their chances of survival.
The disease is clinically similar to Ebola in its spread, symptoms and progression, although it is caused by a different virus, according to WHO. In Marburg’s case, fruit bats are considered to be the hosts of the virus, although researchers say it does not cause them illness. Researchers believe that Ebola is likely carried by bats or by nonhuman primates, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Even though it has not spread widely, Marburg has been deadly, with case fatality rates ranging from 24% to 88%, depending on which strain people contract and the management of cases, according to WHO. Ebola case fatality rates are nearly the same.
Marburg virus can spread through direct contact with blood, secretions or other bodily fluids from infected people, according to WHO. It can also spread through contact with contaminated surfaces and materials like bedding or clothing.
What are the symptoms of Marburg virus disease?
Marburg can cause severe viral hemorrhagic fever, which interferes with the blood’s ability to clot. The incubation period ranges from two to 21 days, and symptoms begin abruptly with high fever, severe headache and severe malaise, according to WHO. Other symptoms can include muscle aches, diarrhea, nausea, lethargy and bleeding through vomit, feces and from other body parts.
Marburg is not contagious during the incubation period, according to the European Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Severely ill patients often die eight or nine days after the onset of symptoms, according to WHO.
“Mortality is very high,” said Dr. John Amuasi, who leads the global health and infectious disease research group at the Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine in Kumasi, Ghana. “And there’s no asymptomatic Marburg.”
A patient can confirm their condition is Marburg through antibody, antigen and polymerase chain reaction tests, health organizations said.
How many cases have there been this year?
There have only been two cases of Marburg virus disease this year, both reported in Ghana. The people who contracted the virus were not related and they were in different parts of the Ashanti region of Ghana, Amuasi said. They both died.
Both patients were men who worked on farms, he said. One was a 26-year-old farmhand who had recently been to a different part of the country for work, and the other was a 56-year-old subsistence farmer. Contact tracing by local authorities led them to conclude that the men had not been in the same places.
Fruit bats, known to be the carriers of the virus, are common in the Ashanti region.
How does the outbreak compare to previous ones?
More than 200 people died in an outbreak in Angola from 2004 to 2005 and more than 100 died of the disease in Congo from 1998 to 2000, according to the CDC. Other outbreaks of Marburg have not involved as many cases.
In 2021, there was one case in Guinea, which resulted in that person’s death, and three of four people who had the disease in Uganda in 2017 also died, according to the CDC.
Experts want to know how the two people contracted the virus in Ghana, said Dr. Francis Kasolo, the WHO representative to the country.
“The current investigation is not only focusing on contacts,” Kasolo said. “We are also going back to medical records in these areas to see if there were unusual events in terms of cases that presented with symptoms. That is why we are holding back in saying that this is just a one-off event.”
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